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ISLAMIC ETHICS:
Righteousness # الْبِرَّ 2
Abdullatif Aljibury, Phd.
Danville, California
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Righteousness is a wide ranging concept that encompasses both the belief system and the value system in the Islamic Ideology. It deals with the
personal as well as the interactive societal aspect.
The previous article (ISLAMIC ETHICS: Righteousness # الْبِرَّ 1) addressed
one’s ethical duty towards one’s parents as being one of the milestones in the righteousness. Righteousness is an essential part of the value system in Islam, comprising
kindness, consideration and lending a helping hand; in other words to treat our fellow man as detailed in the following and related ethical codes.
Of striking importance is the fact that righteousness implies doing good to
one’s family members and next of kin but equally as well towards, neighbors, those in need, the wayfarers and the rest of the community.
Holy Quran:
Code of Ethics #13:
Maintain a kind, loving and compassionate relationship with your spouse.
Quran 4:19
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَرِثُوا النِّسَاءَ كَرْهًا ۖ وَلَا تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ لِتَذْهَبُوا بِبَعْضِ مَا
آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَأْتِينَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ مُبَيِّنَةٍ ۚ
وَعَاشِرُوهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ
فَإِنْ
كَرِهْتُمُوهُنَّ فَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ خَيْرًا كَثِيرًا |
O you
who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should ye treat them with harshness, that you may Take away part of the dower you have given them,-except
where they have been guilty of open lewdness;
on the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and
equity.
If you take a dislike to them it may be that you dislike a
thing, and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good. |
Quran 30:21
وَمِنْ
آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً ۚ
إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ |
And one of His
signs is that He created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest in them, and He put between you love and compassion;
most surely there are signs in this for a people who reflect. |
Holy Quran:
Code of Ethics #14:
Take care of your kinsfolk, family and relatives:
Quran 2:83
وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ لَا تَعْبُدُونَ إِلَّا اللَّهَ
وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَقُولُوا لِلنَّاسِ حُسْنًا
وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ ثُمَّ تَوَلَّيْتُمْ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا مِنْكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ مُعْرِضُونَ |
And
remember We took a covenant from the Children of Israel to Worship none but Allah;
and treat with kindness your parents and kindred, and
orphans and those in need; speak fair to the people;
be steadfast in prayer; and practice regular charity. Then
did you turn back, except a few among you, and you backslide (even now). |
Quran 2:177
لَيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَنْ تُوَلُّوا وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ
وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَالْمَلَائِكَةِ وَالْكِتَابِ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ
وَآتَى
الْمَالَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِ ذَوِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ وَالسَّائِلِينَ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ |
It is not
righteousness that you turn your faces towards east or west,
but it is righteousness- to believe in Allah and the Last
Day, and the Angels, and the Book, and the Messengers;
and to spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin,
for orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves… |
Quran 2:215
يَسْأَلُونَكَ مَاذَا يُنْفِقُونَ ۖ
قُلْ مَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَلِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ
وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ ۗ
وَمَا تَفْعَلُوا مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِهِ عَلِيمٌ |
They ask you as to
what they should spend.
Say: Whatever wealth you spend, it is for the parents and the near of
kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer,
and whatever good you do, Allah surely knows it. |
Quran 4:36
وَاعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَلَا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا ۖ
وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَبِذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْجَارِ ذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْجَارِ الْجُنُبِ وَالصَّاحِبِ بِالْجَنْبِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ
وَمَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ ۗ
إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَنْ كَانَ مُخْتَالًا فَخُورًا |
Serve Allah, and
join not any partners with Him;
and do good- to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbors
who are near, neighbors who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (ye meet), and what your right hands possess:
For Allah loves not the arrogant, the vainglorious;- |
Quran 16:90
إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ وَإِيتَاءِ ذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ
وَيَنْهَىٰ عَنِ الْفَحْشَاءِ وَالْمُنْكَرِ وَالْبَغْيِ ۚ
يَعِظُكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ |
Allah commands
justice, the doing of good, and liberality to kith and kin,
and He forbids all shameful deeds, and injustice and rebellion:
He instructs you, that you may receive admonition. |
Quran 17:26
وَآتِ ذَا الْقُرْبَىٰ حَقَّهُ وَالْمِسْكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ
وَلَا تُبَذِّرْ
تَبْذِيرًا |
And render to the
kindred their due rights, as (also) to those in want, and to the wayfarer:
But squander not your wealth in the manner of a spendthrift. |
Quran 24:22
وَلَا يَأْتَلِ أُولُو الْفَضْلِ مِنْكُمْ وَالسَّعَةِ أَنْ يُؤْتُوا أُولِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينَ وَالْمُهَاجِرِينَ فِي سَبِيلِ
اللَّهِ ۖ
وَلْيَعْفُوا وَلْيَصْفَحُوا ۗ
أَلَا تُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يَغْفِرَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ |
Let not those
among you who are endued with grace and amplitude of means resolve by oath against helping their kinsmen, those in want, and those who have left their homes in Allah's cause:
let them forgive and overlook,
do you not wish that Allah should forgive you? For Allah is
Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. |
Quran 30:38
فَآتِ ذَا الْقُرْبَىٰ حَقَّهُ وَالْمِسْكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ ۚ
ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يُرِيدُونَ وَجْهَ اللَّهِ ۖ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ |
So give what is
due to kindred, the needy, and the wayfarer. That is best for
those who seek the Countenance, of Allah, and it is they who will prosper. |
Quran 59:7
مَا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَىٰ فَلِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ
وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ
كَيْ لَا يَكُونَ دُولَةً بَيْنَ الْأَغْنِيَاءِ مِنْكُمْ ۚ
وَمَا
آتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا ۚ
وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ |
Whatever Allah has
restored to His Messenger from the people of the towns, it is for Allah and for the Messenger, and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer,
so that it may not be a thing taken by turns among the rich (a state
of the rich) among you,
and whatever the Messenger gives you, accept it, and from whatever he
forbids you, keep back,
and be heeding of Allah; surely Allah is severe in retributing (evil) |
Holy Quran:
Code of Ethics #15:
Care for the orphans and help them build their assets.
Quran 2:83
وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ لَا تَعْبُدُونَ إِلَّا اللَّهَ
وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَقُولُوا لِلنَّاسِ حُسْنًا
وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ ثُمَّ تَوَلَّيْتُمْ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا مِنْكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ مُعْرِضُونَ |
And
remember We took a covenant from the Children of Israel to Worship none but Allah;
and treat with kindness your parents and kindred, and
orphans and those in need; speak fair to the people;
be steadfast in prayer; and practice regular charity. Then
did you turn back, except a few among you, and you backslide (even now). |
Quran 2:177
لَيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَنْ تُوَلُّوا وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ
وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَالْمَلَائِكَةِ وَالْكِتَابِ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ
وَآتَى
الْمَالَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِ ذَوِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ وَالسَّائِلِينَ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ |
It is not
righteousness that you turn your faces towards east or west,
but it is righteousness- to believe in Allah and the Last
Day, and the Angels, and the Book, and the Messengers;
and to spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin,
for orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves… |
Quran 2: 215
يَسْأَلُونَكَ مَاذَا يُنْفِقُونَ ۖ
قُلْ مَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَلِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ
وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ ۗ
وَمَا تَفْعَلُوا مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِهِ عَلِيمٌ |
They ask you as to
what they should spend.
Say: Whatever wealth you spend, it is for the parents and the near of
kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer,
and whatever good you do, Allah surely knows it. |
Quran 4:8
وَإِذَا
حَضَرَ الْقِسْمَةَ أُولُو الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينُ فَارْزُقُوهُمْ مِنْهُ وَقُولُوا لَهُمْ قَوْلًا مَعْرُوفًا |
And when there are present at the division the relatives
and the orphans and the needy, give them (something) out of it and speak to them kind words |
Quran 4:36
وَاعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَلَا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا ۖ
وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَبِذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْجَارِ ذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْجَارِ الْجُنُبِ وَالصَّاحِبِ بِالْجَنْبِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ
وَمَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ ۗ
إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَنْ كَانَ مُخْتَالًا فَخُورًا |
And serve Allah
and do not associate any thing with Him
and be good to the parents and to the near of kin and the orphans and
the needy and the neighbor of (your) kin and the alien neighbor, and the companion in a journey and the wayfarer and those whom your right hands possess;
surely Allah does not love him who is proud, boastful; |
Quran 6: 152
وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ ۖ وَأَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ وَالْمِيزَانَ
بِالْقِسْطِ ۖ
لَا نُكَلِّفُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۖ
وَإِذَا قُلْتُمْ فَاعْدِلُوا وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَىٰ ۖ وَبِعَهْدِ
اللَّهِ أَوْفُوا ۚ
ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُمْ بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ |
And do not
approach the property of the orphan except in the best manner until he attains his maturity, and give full measure and weight with justice--
We do not impose on any soul a duty except to the extent of its
ability;
and when you speak, then be just though it be against a relative, and
fulfill Allah's covenant;
this He has enjoined you with that you may be mindful; |
Quran 17:34
وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ ۚ
وَأَوْفُوا
بِالْعَهْدِ ۖ إِنَّ الْعَهْدَ كَانَ مَسْئُولًا |
And draw not near
to the property of the orphan except in a goodly way till he attains his maturity
and fulfill the promise; surely the promise shall be questioned
about. |
Quran 76:8
وَيُطْعِمُونَ
الطَّعَامَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِ مِسْكِينًا وَيَتِيمًا وَأَسِيرًا |
And they give food out of love for Him to the poor and the orphan and the
captive: |
Quran 93:9
فَأَمَّا
الْيَتِيمَ فَلَا تَقْهَرْ |
Therefore, as for the orphan, do not oppress (him). |
Quran 107: 1-2
أَرَأَيْتَ الَّذِي يُكَذِّبُ بِالدِّين فَذَٰلِكَ الَّذِي يَدُعُّ الْيَتِيمَ |
Have you
considered him who calls the judgment a lie?
That is the one who treats the orphan with harshness, |
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